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一、狀語從句的類型及引導詞
狀語從句根據其用途可分為時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、方式狀語從句、比較狀語從句九種。
時間狀語從句：由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, until / till, as soon as, since, once等連詞，directly和immediately等詞，by the time, every time, the moment, the minute等表示時間的短語以及no sooner ... than或hardly ... when引導。
地點狀語從句：由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引導。
原因狀語從句：由because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that等引導。
目的狀語從句：由so, so that, in case, in order that, for fear (that)等引導。
結果狀語從句：由so (that), so ... that, such ... that, with the result that等引導。
條件狀語從句：由if, unless, so / as long as, only if, provided, on condition that, in case, suppose / supposing (that)等引導。
讓步狀語從句：由although, though, even if / though, as等連詞，「疑問詞+ ever」構成的複合詞，「no matter +疑問詞」或whether ... or引導。
方式狀語從句：由as, like, as if / though, the way等引導。
比較狀語從句：主要由than或as引導。
二、引導狀語從句的常用連詞注意事項
1. when
1）when引導時間狀語從句時，從句的動作既可與主句的動作同時發生，也可先後發生。如：
Herbert was having his dinner when I saw him.
When the lights went out, I lit some candles.
2）when可以引導條件狀語從句，意為「如果」。如：
I』ll give it to you when you say 「please」.
2. while
1）while引導時間狀語從句時，從句的謂語一般是延續性動詞（如work, stay, wait, live等）。如：
Please don』t talk so loud while others are working.
2）while引導讓步狀語從句時，相當於although / though。while和although引導的讓步狀語從句不用倒裝語序，though引導的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝也可以不倒裝。如：
While / Although / Though the bride is happy, she will feel homesick at the beginning.
Happy though the bride is, she will feel homesick at the beginning.
3. until和till
1）until和till都表示「直到」，常可互換，但till一般不用於句首，也不用於強調句中。
2）until / till從句與肯定的主句連用時，主句的謂語動詞一般是延續性動詞，表示主句的動作一直持續到until / till所表示的時間為止。如：
You may stay here until the rain stops.
Mr. Bush remained there till his brother arrived.
3）until / till從句與否定的主句連用時，主句的謂語動詞是非延續性動詞，表示「直到……才」，即主句的動作到until / till所表示的時間才開始。如：
David won』t go to bed till his wife returns.
Leo didn』t come until he had gone over his lesson.
4）not until引導的從句位於句首時，主句需部分倒裝。如：
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
5）not until結構可用於強調句中。如：
It was not until she came to see us that we knew her mother was ill in bed.
4. as
1）as引導時間狀語從句時，表示「當……時，隨著」。如：
Just as the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
2）as引導原因狀語從句時，一般放在句首，表示十分明顯的原因或是已知的事實。如：
As it is raining, we shall not go camping.
3）as引導讓步狀語從句時，通常用倒裝結構。具體情況如下：
a. 「形容詞+ as +主語+系動詞」或「副詞+ as +主語+實義動詞」。如：
Youngest as he is in our class, he studies very well.
Much as I like it, I won』t buy it.
b. 名詞+ as +主語+系動詞（句首的名詞前多不帶冠詞）。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
c. 實義動詞+ as +主語+助動詞/情態動詞。如：
Fail as I did, I would not abandon my goal.
Try as he might, he couldn』t lift the heavy box.
4）as引導方式狀語從句時，意為「如，像，按照」。如：
I did as I was told.
5）as引導比較狀語從句時，常用於as ... as ...和not so / as ... as ...結構中。如：
Helen comes to visit me as often as she can.
His eyes aren』t so / as blue as they look in the film.
5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when
no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意為「一……就……」。主句一般用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。no sooner, hardly位於句首時，主句的主謂語要部分倒裝。如：
The words had no sooner been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
6. so ... that和such ... that
1）so ... that常用於以下結構：①so + adj. / adv. + that從句；②so + adj. + a(n) +可數名詞單數形式+ that從句；③so + many / much / few / little + n. + that從句。如：
The question was so hard that no one could come up with an answer.
Eddie is so honest a boy that we all believe him.
I have had so many falls that I』m black and blue all over.
2）such ... that常用於以下結構：①such + a(n) + adj. +可數名詞單數形式+ that從句；②such + adj.+可數名詞複數形式+ that從句；③such + adj. +不可數名詞+ that從句。如：
It was such a great shame that you couldn』t be with us.
They were such extraordinary stories that no one believed a word of them.
It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
注意：so ... that引導結果狀語從句時，如果「so +形容詞/副詞」位於句首，則主句的主謂語要部分倒裝。如：
So difficult was it to work out the problem that I turned to Tom for help.
So quietly did she speak that I could hardly hear her.
7. 「疑問詞+ ever」構成的複合詞與「no matter +疑問詞」可以引導讓步狀語從句。如：
Whatever / No matter what happens, I will do it.
Whenever / No matter when he goes out, he takes his dog with him.
高考連結
選用括號內合適的內容補全下面句子。
1. ________ (Once, Unless) you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
2. Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ________ (so that, even though) they get sweet enough to be eaten.
3. The gold medal will be awarded to ________ (whatever, whoever) wins the first place in the bicycle race.
4. ________ (While, If ) we don』t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
5. ________ (Once, Although) birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
6. Over time, ________ (as, though) the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
7. I really enjoy listening to music ________ (because, unless) it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
8. ________ (Since, While) online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
9. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ (as long as, even though) he’s in his nineties.
10. ________ (When, After) it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
責編 | 楊寧
審稿 | 李棟
校稿 | 呂放
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